Mitogenome Analyses Reveal Limited Introduction of Anopheles coluzzii Into the Central African Islands of São Tomé and Príncipe

Islands possess physical characteristics that make them uniquely well-suited for initial field trials of new genetic-based technologies applied to African malaria vectors. This has led efforts characterize the degree isolation island mosquito populations. São Tomé and Príncipe (STP) is a country composed two small islands in Gulf Guinea (Central Africa) where Anopheles coluzzii primary vector. Several studies have shown relatively high genetic between A. populations STP mainland compared with pairs separated by equivalent distances. Here, we analyzed complete mitochondrial genomes individual specimens from neighboring countries. The objectives are describe history A . establishment STP, specifically address several questions germane their suitability as sites trial release genetically engineered mosquitoes (GEMs). These include: ( i ) What origins STP?; ii How many introductions occurred?; iii When was introduced into STP? (iv) Is there ongoing, contemporary gene flow populations? Phylogenetic analysis haplotype networks were constructed sequences 345 107 individuals 10 countries on or near west coast Africa. Analysis these data suggest been onto occurred roughly 500 years ago originated West It appears never Island directly Africa, but at least four originating Tomé. Our findings provide further support notion isolated this species.